Module io.jenetics.base

Package io.jenetics.engine

Interface Constraint<G extends Gene<?,G>,C extends Comparable<? super C>>

All Known Implementing Classes:

RetryConstraint

public interface Constraint<G extends Gene<?,G>,C extends Comparable<? super C>>

This interface allows you to define constraints on single phenotypes. It is a more advanced version of the Phenotype.isValid() method, which checks the validity of the underlying genotypes and/or chromosomes. Additionally, it is possible to repair invalid individuals. The evolution Engine is using the constraint in the following way: check the validity and repair invalid individuals.

for (int i = 0; i < population.size(); ++i) {
    final Phenotype<G, C> individual = population.get(i);
    if (!constraint.test(individual)) {
        population.set(i, constraint.repair(individual, generation));
    }
}

Note
Keep in mind, that this interface only repairs invalid individuals, which has been destroyed by the evolution process. Individuals, created by the given Factory<Genotype<G>>, are not validated and repaired. This means that it is still possible to have invalid individuals, created by the genotype factory. The constrain(Factory) will wrap the given factory which obeys this constraint. The following code will show how to create such a constrained genotype factory and use it for creating an evolution engine.

final Constraint<DoubleGene, Double> constraint = ...;
final Factory<Genotype<DoubleGene>> gtf = ...;
final Engine<DoubleGene, Double> engine = Engine
    .builder(fitness, constraint.constrain(gtf))
    .constraint(constraint)
    .build();

The following example illustrates how a constraint which its repair function can look like. Imagine that your problem domain consists of double values between [0, 2) and [8, 10). Since it is not possible

   +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10
   |-----|xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx|-----|
      ^  |llllllll|rrrrrrrr|  ^
      |       |        |      |
      +-------+        +------+
 

The invalid range is marked with x. Repairing an invalid value will map values in the l range on the valid range [0, 2), and value in the r range on the valid range [8, 10). This mapping guarantees an even distribution of the values in the valid ranges, which is an important characteristic of the repair function.

final InvertibleCodec<Double, DoubleGene> codec = Codecs.ofScalar(DoubleRange.of(0, 10));
final Constraint<DoubleGene, Double> constraint = Constraint.of(
    codec,
    v -> v < 2 || v >= 8,
    v -> {
        if (v >= 2 && v < 8) {
            return v < 5 ? ((v - 2)/3)*2 : ((8 - v)/3)*2 + 8;
        }
        return v;
    }
);

Alternative solution
Instead of repairing individuals, it is better to not create invalid one in the first place. Once you have a proper repair strategy, you can use it to create a Codec which only creates valid individuals, using your repair method.

final Codec<Double, DoubleGene> codec = Codecs
    .ofScalar(DoubleRange.of(0, 10))
    .map(v -> {
            if (v >= 2 && v < 8) {
                return v < 5 ? ((v - 2)/3)*2 : ((8 - v)/3)*2 + 8;
            }
            return v;
        });

The same example with an InvertibleCodec will look like this:

final InvertibleCodec<Double, DoubleGene> codec = Codecs
    .ofScalar(DoubleRange.of(0, 10))
    .map(v -> {
            if (v >= 2 && v < 8) {
                return v < 5 ? ((v - 2)/3)*2 : ((8 - v)/3)*2 + 8;
            }
            return v;
        },
        Function.identity());

Since:

5.0

Version:

6.1

See Also:

• Engine.Builder.constraint(Constraint)
• RetryConstraint
• constrain(Factory)

API Note:

This class is part of the more advanced API and is unnecessary for default use cases. If the Engine is created with an explicit constraint (Engine.Builder.constraint(Constraint)), the default validation mechanism via Phenotype.isValid() is overridden. Also keep in mind that a defined constraint doesn't protect the fitness function from invalid values. It is still necessary that the fitness function must handle invalid values accordingly. The constraint only filters invalid individuals after the selection and altering step.

Method Summary

Modifier and Type	Method	Description
default <T> Codec<T,G>	constrain(Codec<T,G> codec)	Wraps the given codec into a codec, which obeys this constraint.
default <T> InvertibleCodec<T,G>	constrain(InvertibleCodec<T,G> codec)	Wraps the given codec into a codec, which obeys this constraint.
default Factory<Genotype<G>>	constrain(Factory<Genotype<G>> gtf)	Wraps the given genotype factory into a factory, which only creates individuals obeying this constraint.
static <T, G extends Gene<?, G>, C extends Comparable<? super C>> Constraint<G,C>	of(InvertibleCodec<T,G> codec, Predicate<? super T> validator, Function<? super T,? extends T> repairer)	Return a new constraint object with the given validator and repairer.
static <G extends Gene<?, G>, C extends Comparable<? super C>> Constraint<G,C>	of(Predicate<? super Phenotype<G,C>> validator)	Return a new constraint object with the given validator.
static <G extends Gene<?, G>, C extends Comparable<? super C>> Constraint<G,C>	of(Predicate<? super Phenotype<G,C>> validator, BiFunction<? super Phenotype<G,C>,Long,Phenotype<G,C>> repairer)	Return a new constraint object with the given validator and repairer.
Phenotype<G,C>	repair(Phenotype<G,C> individual, long generation)	Tries to repair the given phenotype.
boolean	test(Phenotype<G,C> individual)	Checks the validity of the given individual.

Method Details

test

boolean test(Phenotype<G,C> individual)

Checks the validity of the given individual.

Parameters:

individual - the phenotype to check

Returns:

true if the given individual is valid, false otherwise

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the given individual is null

repair

Phenotype<G,C> repair(Phenotype<G,C> individual,
 long generation)

Tries to repair the given phenotype. This method is called by the evolution Engine if the test(Phenotype) method returned false.

Parameters:

individual - the phenotype to repair

generation - the actual generation, where this method is called by the evolution engine

Returns:

a newly created, valid phenotype. The implementation is free to use the given invalid individual as a starting point for the created phenotype.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the given individual is null

constrain

default Factory<Genotype<G>> constrain(Factory<Genotype<G>> gtf)

Wraps the given genotype factory into a factory, which only creates individuals obeying this constraint. The following code will create an evolution engine, where also the genotype factory will only create valid individuals.

final Constraint<DoubleGene, Double> constraint = ...;
final Factory<Genotype<DoubleGene>> gtf = ...;
final Engine<DoubleGene, Double> engine = Engine
    .builder(fitness, constraint.constrain(gtf))
    .constraint(constraint)
    .build();

Parameters:

gtf - the genotype factory to wrap

Returns:

a new constrained genotype factory.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the given genotype factory is null

Since:

6.1

See Also:

• constrain(Codec)
• constrain(InvertibleCodec)

constrain

default <T> Codec<T,G> constrain(Codec<T,G> codec)

Wraps the given codec into a codec, which obeys this constraint.

Type Parameters:

T - the argument type of given problem

Parameters:

codec - the codec to wrap

Returns:

the wrapped codec, which obeys this constraint

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the given codec is null

Since:

6.1

See Also:

• constrain(Factory)
• constrain(InvertibleCodec)

constrain

default <T> InvertibleCodec<T,G> constrain(InvertibleCodec<T,G> codec)

Wraps the given codec into a codec, which obeys this constraint.

Type Parameters:

T - the argument type of given problem

Parameters:

codec - the codec to wrap

Returns:

the wrapped codec, which obeys this constraint

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the given codec is null

Since:

6.1

See Also:

• constrain(Factory)
• constrain(Codec)

of

static <G extends Gene<?,
G>,
C extends Comparable<? super C>>
Constraint<G,C> of(Predicate<? super Phenotype<G,C>> validator,
 BiFunction<? super Phenotype<G,C>,Long,Phenotype<G,C>> repairer)

Return a new constraint object with the given validator and repairer.

Type Parameters:

G - the gene type

C - the fitness value type

Parameters:

validator - the phenotype validator used by the constraint

repairer - the phenotype repairer used by the constraint

Returns:

a new constraint strategy

Throws:

NullPointerException - if one of the arguments is null

of

static <G extends Gene<?,
G>,
C extends Comparable<? super C>>
Constraint<G,C> of(Predicate<? super Phenotype<G,C>> validator)

Return a new constraint object with the given validator. The used repairer just creates a new phenotype by using the phenotype to be repaired as a template. The repaired phenotype might still be invalid.

Type Parameters:

G - the gene type

C - the fitness value type

Parameters:

validator - the phenotype validator used by the constraint

Returns:

a new constraint strategy

Throws:

NullPointerException - if one of the arguments is null

See Also:

• RetryConstraint.of(Predicate)

of

static <T,
G extends Gene<?,
G>,
C extends Comparable<? super C>>
Constraint<G,C> of(InvertibleCodec<T,G> codec,
 Predicate<? super T> validator,
 Function<? super T,? extends T> repairer)

Return a new constraint object with the given validator and repairer. The given invertible codec allows simplifying the necessary validator and repairer.

Type Parameters:

T - the type of the native problem domain

G - the gene type

C - the fitness value type

Parameters:

codec - the invertible codec used for simplify the necessary validator and repairer

validator - the phenotype validator used by the constraint

repairer - the phenotype repairer used by the constraint

Returns:

a new constraint strategy

Throws:

NullPointerException - if one of the arguments is null

Since:

5.2