/*
 * Java Genetic Algorithm Library (jenetics-8.1.0).
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2024 Franz Wilhelmstötter
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 * Author:
 *    Franz Wilhelmstötter (franz.wilhelmstoetter@gmail.com)
 */
package io.jenetics.engine;

import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;

import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Function;

import io.jenetics.Gene;
import io.jenetics.Genotype;
import io.jenetics.util.Factory;
import io.jenetics.util.ISeq;

/**
 * A problem {@code Codec} contains the information about how to encode a given
 * argument type into a {@code Genotype}. It also lets convert the encoded
 * {@code Genotype} back to the argument type. The engine creation and the
 * implementation of the fitness function can be heavily simplified by using
 * a {@code Codec} class. The example given in the {@link Engine} documentation
 * can be simplified as follows:
 * {@snippet lang="java":
 * public class RealFunction {
 *     // The conversion from the 'Genotype' to the argument type of the fitness
 *     // function is performed by the given 'Codec'. You can concentrate on the
 *     // implementation, because you are not bothered with the conversion code.
 *     private static double eval(final double x) {
 *         return cos(0.5 + sin(x)) * cos(x);
 *     }
 *
 *     public static void main(final String[] args) {
 *         final Engine<DoubleGene, Double> engine = Engine
 *              // Create an Engine.Builder with the "pure" fitness function
 *              // and the appropriate Codec.
 *             .build(RealFunction::eval, Codecs.ofScalar(DoubleRange.of(0, 2*PI)))
 *             .build();
 *         // ...
 *     }
 * }
 * }
 *
 * The {@code Codec} needed for the above usage example, will look like this:
 * {@snippet lang="java":
 * final DoubleRange domain = DoubleRange.of(0, 2*PI);
 * final Codec<Double, DoubleGene> codec = Codec.of(
 *     Genotype.of(DoubleChromosome.of(domain)),
 *     gt -> gt.chromosome().gene().allele()
 * );
 * }
 *
 * Calling the {@link Codec#of(Factory, Function)} method is the usual way for
 * creating new {@code Codec} instances.
 *
 * @see Codecs
 * @see Engine
 * @see Engine.Builder
 *
 * @param <T> the argument type of given problem
 * @param <G> the {@code Gene} type used for encoding the argument type {@code T}
 *
 * @author <a href="mailto:franz.wilhelmstoetter@gmail.com">Franz Wilhelmstötter</a>
 * @version 3.6
 * @since 3.2
 */
public interface Codec<T, G extends Gene<?, G>> {

        /**
         * Return the genotype factory for creating genotypes with the right
         * encoding for the given problem. The genotype created with this factory
         * must work together with the {@link #decoder()} function, which transforms
         * the genotype into an object of the problem domain.
         * {@snippet lang="java":
         * final Codec<SomeObject, DoubleGene> codec = null; // @replace substring='null' replacement="..."
         * final Genotype<DoubleGene> gt = codec.encoding().newInstance();
         * final SomeObject arg = codec.decoder().apply(gt);
         * }
         *
         * @see #decoder()
         *
         * @return the genotype (factory) representation of the problem domain
         */
        Factory<Genotype<G>> encoding();

        /**
         * Return the <em>decoder</em> function which transforms the genotype back
         * to the original problem domain representation.
         *
         * @see #encoding()
         *
         * @return genotype decoder
         */
        Function<Genotype<G>, T> decoder();

        /**
         * Converts the given {@link Genotype} to the target type {@link T}. This is
         * a shortcut for
         * {@snippet lang="java":
         * final Codec<SomeObject, DoubleGene> codec = null; // @replace substring='null' replacement="..."
         * final Genotype<DoubleGene> gt = codec.encoding().newInstance();
         *
         * final SomeObject arg = codec.decoder().apply(gt);
         * }
         *
         * @since 3.6
         *
         * @param genotype the genotype to be converted
         * @return the converted genotype
         * @throws NullPointerException if the given {@code genotype} is {@code null}
         */
        default T decode(final Genotype<G> genotype) {
                requireNonNull(genotype);
                return decoder().apply(genotype);
        }

        /**
         * Create a new {@code Codec} with the mapped result type. The following
         * example creates a double codec whose values are not uniformly distributed
         * between {@code [0..1)}. Instead, the values now follow an exponential
         * function.
         * {@snippet lang="java":
         *  final Codec<Double, DoubleGene> c = Codecs.ofScalar(DoubleRange.of(0, 1))
         *      .map(Math::exp);
         * }
         *
         * This method can also be used for creating non-trivial codes like split
         * ranges, as shown in the following example, where only values between
         * <em>[0, 2)</em> and <em>[8, 10)</em> are valid.
         * <pre>{@code
         *   +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
         *   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
         *   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10
         *   |-----|xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx|-----|
         *      ^  |llllllll|rrrrrrrr|  ^
         *      |       |        |      |
         *      +-------+        +------+
         * }</pre>
         *
         * {@snippet lang="java":
         * final Codec<Double, DoubleGene> codec = Codecs
         *     .ofScalar(DoubleRange.of(0, 10))
         *     .map(v -> {
         *             if (v >= 2 && v < 8) {
         *                 return v < 5 ? ((v - 2)/3)*2 : ((8 - v)/3)*2 + 8;
         *             }
         *             return v;
         *         });
         * }
         *
         * @since 4.0
         *
         * @see InvertibleCodec#map(Function, Function)
         *
         * @param mapper the mapper function
         * @param <B> the new argument type of the given problem
         * @return a new {@code Codec} with the mapped result type
         * @throws NullPointerException if the mapper is {@code null}.
         */
        default <B> Codec<B, G> map(final Function<? super T, ? extends B> mapper) {
                requireNonNull(mapper);

                return Codec.of(
                        encoding(),
                        mapper.compose(decoder())
                );
        }

        /**
         * Converts this codec into an <em>invertible</em> codec, by using the given
         * {@code encoder} (inversion) function.
         *
         * @param encoder the (inverse) encoder function
         * @return a new invertible codec
         * @throws NullPointerException if the given {@code encoder} is {@code null}
         */
        default InvertibleCodec<T, G>
        toInvertibleCodec(final Function<? super T, Genotype<G>> encoder) {
                return InvertibleCodec.of(encoding(), decoder(), encoder);
        }

        /**
         * Create a new {@code Codec} object with the given {@code encoding} and
         * {@code decoder} function.
         *
         * @param encoding the genotype factory used for creating new
         *        {@code Genotypes}
         * @param decoder decoder function, which converts a {@code Genotype} to a
         *        value in the problem domain
         * @param <G> the {@code Gene} type
         * @param <T> the fitness function argument type in the problem domain
         * @return a new {@code Codec} object with the given parameters
         * @throws NullPointerException if one of the arguments is {@code null}.
         */
        static <T, G extends Gene<?, G>> Codec<T, G> of(
                final Factory<Genotype<G>> encoding,
                final Function<? super Genotype<G>, ? extends T> decoder
        ) {
                requireNonNull(encoding);
                requireNonNull(decoder);

                return new Codec<>() {
                        @Override
                        public Factory<Genotype<G>> encoding() {
                                return encoding;
                        }

                        @Override
                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                        public Function<Genotype<G>, T> decoder() {
                                return (Function<Genotype<G>, T>)decoder;
                        }
                };
        }


        /**
         * Converts two given {@code Codec} instances into one. This lets you divide
         * a problem into subproblems and combine them again.
         * <p>
         * The following example shows how to combine two codecs, which converts a
         * {@code LongGene} to a {@code LocalDate}, to a codec which combines the
         * two {@code LocalDate} object (these are the argument types of the
         * component codecs) to a {@code Duration}.
         * {@snippet lang = "java":
         * final Codec<LocalDate, LongGene> dateCodec1 = Codec.of(
         *     Genotype.of(LongChromosome.of(0, 10_000)),
         *     gt -> LocalDate.ofEpochDay(gt.gene().longValue())
         * );
         *
         * final Codec<LocalDate, LongGene> dateCodec2 = Codec.of(
         *     Genotype.of(LongChromosome.of(1_000_000, 10_000_000)),
         *     gt -> LocalDate.ofEpochDay(gt.gene().longValue())
         * );
         *
         * final Codec<Duration, LongGene> durationCodec = Codec.of(
         *     dateCodec1,
         *     dateCodec2,
         *     (d1, d2) -> Duration.ofDays(d2.toEpochDay() - d1.toEpochDay())
         * );
         *
         * final Engine<LongGene, Long> engine = Engine
         *     .builder(Duration::toMillis, durationCodec)
         *     .build();
         *
         * final Phenotype<LongGene, Long> pt = engine.stream()
         *     .limit(100)
         *     .collect(EvolutionResult.toBestPhenotype());
         * System.out.println(pt);
         *
         * final Duration duration = durationCodec.decoder()
         *     .apply(pt.genotype());
         * System.out.println(duration);
         *}
         *
         * @since 3.3
         *
         * @see #combine(Codec, Codec, BiFunction)
         *
         * @param <G> the gene type
         * @param <A> the argument type of the first codec
         * @param <B> the argument type of the second codec
         * @param <T> the argument type of the compound codec
         * @param codec1 the first codec
         * @param codec2 the second codec
         * @param decoder the decoder which combines the two argument types from the
         *        given codecs, to the argument type of the resulting codec.
         * @return a new codec which combines the given {@code codec1} and
         *        {@code codec2}
         * @throws NullPointerException if one of the arguments is {@code null}
         * @deprecated Will be removed in the next major version, use
         *            {@link #combine(Codec, Codec, BiFunction)} instead
         */
        @Deprecated(since = "8.1", forRemoval = true)
        static <A, B, T, G extends Gene<?, G>> Codec<T, G> of(
                final Codec<A, G> codec1,
                final Codec<B, G> codec2,
                final BiFunction<A, B, T> decoder
        ) {
                return combine(codec1, codec2, decoder);
        }

        /**
         * Converts two given {@code Codec} instances into one. This lets you divide
         * a problem into subproblems and combine them again.
         * <p>
         * The following example shows how to combine two codecs, which converts a
         * {@code LongGene} to a {@code LocalDate}, to a codec which combines the
         * two {@code LocalDate} object (these are the argument types of the
         * component codecs) to a {@code Duration}.
         * {@snippet lang = "java":
         * final Codec<LocalDate, LongGene> dateCodec1 = Codec.of(
         *     Genotype.of(LongChromosome.of(0, 10_000)),
         *     gt -> LocalDate.ofEpochDay(gt.gene().longValue())
         * );
         *
         * final Codec<LocalDate, LongGene> dateCodec2 = Codec.of(
         *     Genotype.of(LongChromosome.of(1_000_000, 10_000_000)),
         *     gt -> LocalDate.ofEpochDay(gt.gene().longValue())
         * );
         *
         * final Codec<Duration, LongGene> durationCodec = Codec.combine(
         *     dateCodec1,
         *     dateCodec2,
         *     (d1, d2) -> Duration.ofDays(d2.toEpochDay() - d1.toEpochDay())
         * );
         *
         * final Engine<LongGene, Long> engine = Engine
         *     .builder(Duration::toMillis, durationCodec)
         *     .build();
         *
         * final Phenotype<LongGene, Long> pt = engine.stream()
         *     .limit(100)
         *     .collect(EvolutionResult.toBestPhenotype());
         * System.out.println(pt);
         *
         * final Duration duration = durationCodec.decoder()
         *     .apply(pt.genotype());
         * System.out.println(duration);
         *}
         *
         * @since 8.1
         *
         * @param <G> the gene type
         * @param <A> the argument type of the first codec
         * @param <B> the argument type of the second codec
         * @param <T> the argument type of the compound codec
         * @param codec1 the first codec
         * @param codec2 the second codec
         * @param decoder the decoder which combines the two argument types from the
         *        given codecs, to the argument type of the resulting codec.
         * @return a new codec which combines the given {@code codec1} and
         *        {@code codec2}
         * @throws NullPointerException if one of the arguments is {@code null}
         */
        static <A, B, T, G extends Gene<?, G>> Codec<T, G> combine(
                final Codec<? extends A, G> codec1,
                final Codec<? extends B, G> codec2,
                final BiFunction<? super A, ? super B, ? extends T> decoder
        ) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                final Function<Object[], T> decoderAdapter =
                        v -> decoder.apply((A)v[0], (B)v[1]);

                return combine(
                        ISeq.of(codec1, codec2),
                        decoderAdapter
                );
        }

        /**
         * Combines the given {@code codecs} into one codec. This lets you divide
         * a problem into subproblems and combine them again.
         * <p>
         * The following example combines more than two sub-codecs into one.
         * {@snippet lang="java":
         * final Codec<LocalDate, LongGene> dateCodec = Codec.of(
         *     Genotype.of(LongChromosome.of(0, 10_000)),
         *     gt -> LocalDate.ofEpochDay(gt.getGene().longValue())
         * );
         *
         * final Codec<Duration, LongGene> durationCodec = Codec.of(
         *     ISeq.of(dateCodec, dateCodec, dateCodec),
         *     dates -> {
         *         final LocalDate ld1 = (LocalDate)dates[0];
         *         final LocalDate ld2 = (LocalDate)dates[1];
         *         final LocalDate ld3 = (LocalDate)dates[2];
         *
         *         return Duration.ofDays(
         *             ld1.toEpochDay() + ld2.toEpochDay() - ld3.toEpochDay()
         *         );
         *     }
         * );
         *
         * final Engine<LongGene, Long> engine = Engine
         *     .builder(Duration::toMillis, durationCodec)
         *     .build();
         *
         * final Phenotype<LongGene, Long> pt = engine.stream()
         *     .limit(100)
         *     .collect(EvolutionResult.toBestPhenotype());
         * System.out.println(pt);
         *
         * final Duration duration = durationCodec.decoder()
         *     .apply(pt.genotype());
         * System.out.println(duration);
         * }
         *
         * @since 3.3
         *
         * @param <G> the gene type
         * @param <T> the argument type of the compound codec
         * @param codecs the {@code Codec} sequence of the subproblems
         * @param decoder the decoder which combines the argument types from the
         *        given codecs, to the argument type of the resulting codec.
         * @return a new codec which combines the given {@code codecs}
         * @throws NullPointerException if one of the arguments is {@code null}
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given {@code codecs} sequence is
         *         empty
         * @deprecated Will be removed in the next major version, use
         *            {@link #combine(ISeq, Function)} instead
         */
        @Deprecated(since = "8.1", forRemoval = true)
        static <T, G extends Gene<?, G>> Codec<T, G> of(
                final ISeq<? extends Codec<?, G>> codecs,
                final Function<? super Object[], ? extends T> decoder
        ) {
                return combine(codecs, decoder);
        }

        /**
         * Combines the given {@code codecs} into one codec. This lets you divide
         * a problem into subproblems and combine them again.
         * <p>
         * The following example combines more than two sub-codecs into one.
         * {@snippet lang="java":
         * final Codec<LocalDate, LongGene> dateCodec = Codec.of(
         *     Genotype.of(LongChromosome.of(0, 10_000)),
         *     gt -> LocalDate.ofEpochDay(gt.getGene().longValue())
         * );
         *
         * final Codec<Duration, LongGene> durationCodec = Codec.combine(
         *     ISeq.of(dateCodec, dateCodec, dateCodec),
         *     dates -> {
         *         final LocalDate ld1 = (LocalDate)dates[0];
         *         final LocalDate ld2 = (LocalDate)dates[1];
         *         final LocalDate ld3 = (LocalDate)dates[2];
         *
         *         return Duration.ofDays(
         *             ld1.toEpochDay() + ld2.toEpochDay() - ld3.toEpochDay()
         *         );
         *     }
         * );
         *
         * final Engine<LongGene, Long> engine = Engine
         *     .builder(Duration::toMillis, durationCodec)
         *     .build();
         *
         * final Phenotype<LongGene, Long> pt = engine.stream()
         *     .limit(100)
         *     .collect(EvolutionResult.toBestPhenotype());
         * System.out.println(pt);
         *
         * final Duration duration = durationCodec.decoder()
         *     .apply(pt.genotype());
         * System.out.println(duration);
         * }
         *
         * @since 8.1
         *
         * @param <G> the gene type
         * @param <T> the argument type of the compound codec
         * @param codecs the {@code Codec} sequence of the subproblems
         * @param decoder the decoder which combines the argument types from the
         *        given codecs, to the argument type of the resulting codec.
         * @return a new codec which combines the given {@code codecs}
         * @throws NullPointerException if one of the arguments is {@code null}
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given {@code codecs} sequence is
         *         empty
         */
        static <T, G extends Gene<?, G>> Codec<T, G> combine(
                final ISeq<? extends Codec<?, G>> codecs,
                final Function<? super Object[], ? extends T> decoder
        ) {
                if (codecs.isEmpty()) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                                "Codecs sequence must not be empty."
                        );
                }
                return codecs.size() == 1
                        ? Codec.of(
                                codecs.get(0).encoding(),
                                gt -> {
                                        final Object value = codecs.get(0).decoder().apply(gt);
                                        return decoder.apply(new Object[]{value});
                                })
                        : new CompositeCodec<>(codecs, decoder);
        }

}